Copperhead Snake Facts (Agkistrodon contortrix)

Copperhead Snake Facts (Agkistrodon contortrix) The copperhead snake (Agkistrodon contortrix) gets its basic name from its coppery ruddy earthy colored head. Copperheads are pit snakes, identified with diamondbacks and sandals. Snakes in this gathering are venomous and have a profound pit on either side of the head that identifies infrared radiation or warmth. Quick Facts: Copperhead Logical Name: Agkistrodon contortrixCommon Names: Copperhead, good country slipper, pilot snake, white oak snake, piece headBasic Animal Group: ReptileSize: 20-37 inchesWeight: 4-12 ouncesLifespan: 18 yearsDiet: CarnivoreHabitat: Eastern North AmericaPopulation: Over 100,000Conservation Status: Least Concern Depiction Copperheads might be recognized from other pit snakes by their shading, example, and body shape. A copperhead is tan to pink with 10 to 18 darker hourglass-or hand weight formed crossbands on its back. Its head is strong copper-earthy colored. The snake has a wide head, particular neck, bold body, and more slender tail. A copperhead has tan to rosy earthy colored eyes and vertical understudies. The normal grown-up snake is somewhere in the range of 2 and 3 feet long and weighs from 4 to 12 ounces. Females have longer bodies than guys, yet guys have longer tails. Natural surroundings and Distribution Copperheads live in the United States, from southern New England to northern Florida and across to western Texas. They reach out into Chihuahua and Coahuila in Mexico. The snake involves an assortment of living spaces, including timberlands, swamps, rough forests, and along waterways and streams. <img information srcset=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/UNOHnlLCKTKLi3zjo6Qrd8W1xFY=/300x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/copperhead-snake-run fd7ce5a2705a4fdf8178a21f4c2f9fc5.jpg 300w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/7rpoAvpD0Nydh4mSJk9e5dddEnI=/475x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/copperhead-snake-run fd7ce5a2705a4fdf8178a21f4c2f9fc5.jpg 475w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/YkS7x6BHcmn60HWr5_6ts8BkIqM=/650x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/copperhead-snake-run fd7ce5a2705a4fdf8178a21f4c2f9fc5.jpg 650w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/JKKfPfepS02JdcH2P7ud8aveDbY=/1000x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/copperhead-snake-run fd7ce5a2705a4fdf8178a21f4c2f9fc5.jpg 1000w information src=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/4yLSIulzFDrwWF2l4QNZUoQ-wEI=/1000x700/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/copperhead-snake-extend fd7ce5a2705a4fdf8178a21f4c2f9fc5.jpg src=//:0 alt=Copperhead snake extend class=lazyload information click-tracked=true information img-lightbox=true information expand=300 id=mntl-sc-square image_1-0-9 information following container=true /> Copperhead snake go. Craig Pemberton Diet and Behavior Copperheads are snare predators that disguise themselves against the leaves and soil and sit tight for prey. They discover their objectives by warmth and fragrance. About 90% of their eating regimen comprises of little rodents. They additionally eat frogs, feathered creatures, littler snakes, and enormous bugs. Copperheads climb trees to rummage on caterpillars and rising cicadas, yet are in any case earthly. With the exception of mating and resting, the snakes are single. The snakes sleep in the winter, frequently imparting a cave to different copperheads, rodent snakes, and poisonous snakes. They feed during the day in spring and pre-winter, however are nighttime during sweltering summer months. Proliferation and Offspring Copperheads breed anyplace from spring to pre-fall (February to October). In any case, neither guys nor females essentially breed each year. Guys wrestle in custom battle for reproducing rights. The victor may then need to fight the female. The female stores sperm and may concede treatment for a while, for the most part until in the wake of resting. She brings forth 1 to 20 live youthful, each estimating around 8 creeps long. The youthful take after their folks, however they are lighter shaded and have yellowish-green tipped tails, which they use to draw reptiles and frogs for their first dinners. Child copperheads are brought into the world with teeth and venom that is as intense as that of grown-ups. Females now and then repeat through parthenogenesis, an abiogenetic method of multiplication that doesn't require preparation. Copperheads arrive at sexual development when they are around 2 feet in length, which is around 4 years old. They live 18 years in the wild, however they may live 25 years in imprisonment. <img information srcset=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/zNH_bUHK1KgB8x7CG0zmUmy_bDs=/300x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-1091567222-7eef08993b274652bb2814477afb9c99.jpg 300w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/6MVi5JSGehTJxrA6BrinbL15hP0=/755x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-1091567222-7eef08993b274652bb2814477afb9c99.jpg 755w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/zvfDxelHQ_hmfgAJJklFTdQ5rNk=/1210x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-1091567222-7eef08993b274652bb2814477afb9c99.jpg 1210w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/WOhdEKrqFHR2snAhqmc5txqoGgk=/2121x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-1091567222-7eef08993b274652bb2814477afb9c99.jpg 2121w information src=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/GXeC0ijDTnGO3UEHu3bPtdiOgTU=/2121x1414/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-1091567222-7eef08993b274652bb2814477afb9c99.jpg src=//:0 alt=Juvenile copperhead snake class=lazyload information click-tracked=true information img-lightbox=true information expand=300 id=mntl-sc-square image_1-0-22 information following container=true /> Adolescent copperhead snakes have yellowish green tail tips. JWJarrett, Getty Images Protection Status The IUCN characterizes the copperhead preservation status as least concern. More than 100,000 grown-up snakes live in North America, with a stable, gradually declining populace size. Generally, copperheads are not dependent upon huge dangers. Territory misfortune, discontinuity, and corruption reduce snake numbers about 10% like clockwork. Specifically, populaces are topographically isolated in Mexico. Copperheads and Humans Copperheads are answerable for gnawing a larger number of individuals than some other snake species. While the copperhead likes to keep away from people, it freezes as opposed to crawling endlessly. The snake is hard to spot, so individuals accidentally step excessively close or onto the creature. Like other New World snakes, copperheads vibrate their tail when drawn closer. They additionally discharge a cucumber-smelling musk when contacted. At the point when undermined, the snake normally conveys a dry (nonvenomous) nibble or low-portion cautioning chomp. The snake utilizes its venom to weaken prey before ingestion. Since individuals are not prey, copperheads will in general ration their venom. Be that as it may, even everything of venom is once in a while deadly. Little youngsters, pets, and people oversensitive to wind venom are most in danger. Copperhead venom is hemolytic, which implies it breaks red platelets. Chomp side effects incorporate outrageous agony, queasiness, pounding, and shivering. While its critical to look for sure fire clinical consideration whenever chomped, normally neutralizer isn't controlled on the grounds that it represents a more serious hazard than the copperhead nibble. Copperhead venom contains a protein called contortrostatin that may help moderate tumor development and malignancy cell movement. Sources Ernst, Carl H.; Barbour, Roger W. Snakes of Eastern North America. Fairfax, Virginia: George Mason University Press, 1989. ISBN 978-0913969243.Finn, Robert. Snake Venom Protein Paralyzes Cancer Cells. Diary of the National Cancer Institute. 93 (4): 261â€262, 2001. doi:10.1093/jnci/93.4.261Frost, D.R., Hammerson, G.A., Santos-Barrera, G. Agkistrodon contortrix. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2007: e.T64297A12756101. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2007.RLTS.T64297A12756101.enGloyd, H.K., Conant, R. Snakes of the Agkistrodon Complex: A Monographic Review. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, 1990. ISBN 0-916984-20-6.McDiarmid, R.W., Campbell, J.A., Tourã ©, T. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1. Washington, District of Columbia: Herpetologists League, 1999. ISBN 1-893777-01-4.

Tamas by Bhisham Sahni and Like Water for Chocolate by Laura Esquivel Essay

Tamas by Bhisham Sahni and Like Water for Chocolate by Laura Esquivel - Nathu and Tita; Victims of Society - Essay Example rns itself with the account of the segment among India and Pakistan, which is that unforgivable part of Indian history, delineating the mass migration of the dread †stricken Hindus who lived in the Muslim dominant part locales and whose shouts suffocated the upbeat yells of Independence. One of the statements in the novel goes this way, If individuals knew one another, they would think that its difficult to loathe. (Bhisham Sahni, Tamas) This sensible depiction brought the writer, on-screen character and dramatist, Bhisham Sahni, the Sahitya Akademi Award for 1975. Laura Esquivel’s ‘Like Water for Chocolate’ is a genuine depiction of the Mexican upset as its experience, when different ideological groups were quarreling for control of the country and advancing their different thoughts regarding the overseeing of the country. ‘Like Water for Chocolate’ is a story that happens in the late nineteenth century, describes about the bereft Mama Elena who has three little girls Gertrudis, Rosaura and Tita. The story utilizes the Mexican transformation as an illustration for change, where Elena speaks to the old force structure while in Tita we have the disposition of disobedience, found in the new individuals from the overseeing parties in the present occasions. The story spins around the subject of prohibited love on the farm, where the most youthful little girl Tita is taboo to wed her genuine romance Pedro on the grounds that as per the law the mother must be taken care of by the most youthful girl which happened to be Tita. Tita’s mother was so coldhearted as she offers Rosaura to Pedro in marriage. Pedro cherished Tita so much that he consents to wed Rosaura just for the one explanation of being near his genuine romance Tita. Tita was misled by her own mom since the time her introduction to the world. This is suitably depicted by the creator who states â€Å"Tita was truly washed into this world on an extraordinary tide of tears that overflowed the edge of the table and overwhelmed over the kitchen floor†¦.† These lines show the agony, enduring, concealment and injury that

How BPD Can Inhibit Bereavement

How BPD Can Inhibit Bereavement BPD Print How Borderline Personality Disorder Can Inhibit Bereavement By Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD, is a clinical psychologist and associate professor of psychology at Eastern Connecticut State University. Learn about our editorial policy Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on September 19, 2019 Johner Images / Getty Images More in BPD Diagnosis Treatment Living With BPD Related Conditions Bereavement, also known as grief, is defined as a set of reactions to a significant loss. While bereavement usually refers to the loss of a loved one, it may also refer to the loss of employment, a physical ability, possessions, or other events. Bereavement is a complex process that is considered normal and may be accompanied by a variety of emotional reactions, behavioral responses, and thoughts. For example, in the course of bereavement, you may experience sadness, anger, and/or relief. You may also feel the urge to withdraw from other people or to seek out social support. Bereavement thats prolonged, overwhelming, or that seriously impairs your daily life is considered complicated bereavement, a condition that may require therapy with a healthcare professional. Bereavement and Borderline Personality Disorder While there is very little research in this area, people with borderline personality disorder  (BPD), which is characterized by an intense fear of abandonment, may theoretically be at greater risk for complicated bereavement due to their intense emotional reactions to separation from loved ones. If you have BPD, grief can be much more intense when you lose a friend or loved one than it is for other people. You may express your grief through impulsive or destructive behaviors, like drinking or violence. These actions usually only worsen your grief and continue a cycle of pain and distress. BPD can also limit your expression of grief. It can cause a sense of anger, guilt, and shame thats completely unwarranted. Frustration and rage are particularly common. Your anger can be spurred by feelings of helplessness and loneliness. In the case of the death of a loved one, you may feel responsible for what happened, even when thats not the case whatsoever. You may already continually struggle with feelings of abandonment and rejection sensitivity, which can be heightened with the death of a loved one. This can keep you from handling bereavement in a healthy way because you feel so alone and isolated. Or you may be so used to hiding your emotions that you cannot go through the natural grieving process. By suppressing your feelings and your sense of loss, you extend the bereavement process and make it much more complicated, inhibiting your ability to function. Bereavement in Therapy Unfortunately, loss and grief is part of life and learning to handle bereavement is essential for your mental and physical well-being. If you have BPD and are struggling with managing your emotions and grief after a loss, seek out a therapist specializing in personality disorders. A good therapist can help you through the normal bereavement stages and help you handle those feelings of anger, helplessness, and frustration. He or she will walk you through the natural process so you can handle it healthily without resorting to dangerous behaviors or self-harm. You may also learn some coping techniques to help you manage your intense emotions, from mindfulness meditation to keeping a journal. While the bereavement process can be painful and upsetting, its essential in order for you to heal and move forward. By seeking treatment, you can begin learning how to handle losses appropriately. Borderline Personality Disorder and Your Family

How BPD Can Inhibit Bereavement

How BPD Can Inhibit Bereavement BPD Print How Borderline Personality Disorder Can Inhibit Bereavement By Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD, is a clinical psychologist and associate professor of psychology at Eastern Connecticut State University. Learn about our editorial policy Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on September 19, 2019 Johner Images / Getty Images More in BPD Diagnosis Treatment Living With BPD Related Conditions Bereavement, also known as grief, is defined as a set of reactions to a significant loss. While bereavement usually refers to the loss of a loved one, it may also refer to the loss of employment, a physical ability, possessions, or other events. Bereavement is a complex process that is considered normal and may be accompanied by a variety of emotional reactions, behavioral responses, and thoughts. For example, in the course of bereavement, you may experience sadness, anger, and/or relief. You may also feel the urge to withdraw from other people or to seek out social support. Bereavement thats prolonged, overwhelming, or that seriously impairs your daily life is considered complicated bereavement, a condition that may require therapy with a healthcare professional. Bereavement and Borderline Personality Disorder While there is very little research in this area, people with borderline personality disorder  (BPD), which is characterized by an intense fear of abandonment, may theoretically be at greater risk for complicated bereavement due to their intense emotional reactions to separation from loved ones. If you have BPD, grief can be much more intense when you lose a friend or loved one than it is for other people. You may express your grief through impulsive or destructive behaviors, like drinking or violence. These actions usually only worsen your grief and continue a cycle of pain and distress. BPD can also limit your expression of grief. It can cause a sense of anger, guilt, and shame thats completely unwarranted. Frustration and rage are particularly common. Your anger can be spurred by feelings of helplessness and loneliness. In the case of the death of a loved one, you may feel responsible for what happened, even when thats not the case whatsoever. You may already continually struggle with feelings of abandonment and rejection sensitivity, which can be heightened with the death of a loved one. This can keep you from handling bereavement in a healthy way because you feel so alone and isolated. Or you may be so used to hiding your emotions that you cannot go through the natural grieving process. By suppressing your feelings and your sense of loss, you extend the bereavement process and make it much more complicated, inhibiting your ability to function. Bereavement in Therapy Unfortunately, loss and grief is part of life and learning to handle bereavement is essential for your mental and physical well-being. If you have BPD and are struggling with managing your emotions and grief after a loss, seek out a therapist specializing in personality disorders. A good therapist can help you through the normal bereavement stages and help you handle those feelings of anger, helplessness, and frustration. He or she will walk you through the natural process so you can handle it healthily without resorting to dangerous behaviors or self-harm. You may also learn some coping techniques to help you manage your intense emotions, from mindfulness meditation to keeping a journal. While the bereavement process can be painful and upsetting, its essential in order for you to heal and move forward. By seeking treatment, you can begin learning how to handle losses appropriately. Borderline Personality Disorder and Your Family

What Is Your Personal Leisure Identity - 930 Words

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The Presidential Election Of 1860 Essay - 1271 Words

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The Goals Of Youth Engagement Services - 865 Words

Many agencies, professional and government organizations, educational institutions, and advocacy groups provide a vast array of advice, materials, training, and other support, both for parents of young children and for teachers, caregivers, and directors working with young children and their families (Wardle 2013). Our communities provide resources for families and early care and education programs to support children’s development that are both local and web-based. As educators, it is important to inform families of these resources to help the development of our youth. One community resource to share with parents and to use as an early childhood professional to support children’s development is the local school districts, Youth Development Support Services: Youth Engagement Services. The goal of Youth Engagement Services (YES) is to empower their schools and district to meet the academic and social-emotional wellbeing of all students by providing support to plan, implement, monitor, and integrate the delivery of high quality and high impact educational and social-emotional programs (youth.scusd.edu). Youth Engagement Services’ provide; after school, summer and out of school time programs, mentoring and character education services, youth voice and action opportunities, student, family, and community engagement, school culture and climate initiatives, intervention and prevention of tobacco, alcohol, other drug use, bullying and violence prevention, service learning; socialShow MoreRelatedAn Implementation Of A Community Intervention812 Words   |  4 Pagesfirst African American president statistics have shown how important the youth vote, especially the black youth vote, has made a great impact and shaped politics. 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Hindsight Bias free essay sample

Hindsight bias is when you know something right after it happens and not while it is happening. Some people call it the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon. This is where you watch a sports game and when the game is over, think to yourself that you knew they would loose, when in fact you were on the edge of your seat waiting to see how the game was going to end and if your team would win or not. (Myers, 2010, p. 16. ) I have had several instances where hindsight bias has happened to me. Some of the more emorable and favorite moments of it have been with my dad and the girls I have dated. See there was this one girl that I tried to date while I lived in Florida last year. Her name was Crystal and she was very nice, and after a while I told my parents about her and my dad told me to be careful like most parents do. We will write a custom essay sample on Hindsight Bias or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page After a few weeks of trying to get her to go on an actual date with me as more than friends, her and I had a heart to heart about where we stood. To my dislike we wouldn’t be more than friends, but I was ok with that because I didn’t want to loose her as a riend. But it was when I told my dad about this that he told me he had a feeling that this wasn’t going to work out, and that I shouldn’t have tried to pursue her in that way. There is an even better example of this involving my dad and my last girlfriend that is a better demonstration of hindsight bias. For 6 months before I decided to move back up to New Hampshire to take some classes I got involved with this girl named Destiny. I was really excited about her, we clicked on several levels. We had a good deal in common and we really enjoyed ach others company. I had even taken her home with me for the holidays to meet my parents. I asked my family how they liked her and everyone said that they liked her and they were glad I was so happy. I even took my dad aside and talked to him about her and about some of the issues she had had with her family and the conversation about my new girlfriend went very well. The relationship ended badly with her breaking up with me for several reasons that were her own doing and had nothing to do with what I had done, and I had no idea what to do or how o deal with it, so as I made my preparations to move back home. It wasn’t until I got back home that my dad told me that he knew it wasn’t going to end well. I even told him that when he knows these things that he is supposed to tell me right away when they are not going to end well that way I don’t get involved with them in the first place. It wasn’t until this class that I discovered the reason he knows that my relationships are going to end badly is because he has I-Knew-it-all-along phenomenon or better named hindsight ias. Its not that he actually knows they are going to end at all, he is just able to put everything together at the very moment that I tell him things have ended. I have several other examples of hindsight bias but these two were the most recent in my mind an d I also found them to be the funnier ones because I had this very conversation with my dad only a few weeks ago regarding him telling me when he gets these â€Å"feelings†.

Is Music a Luxury or Necessity Essay Example

Is Music a Luxury or Necessity? Essay Music Is Indeed a luxury but also an importance of survival. Many people who will go through tough times will listen music to keep them calm or even take them away to a fantasy world. I believe music is necessary to survival considering the amount of musicians in the world,if music was suddenly gone the world would seem very bleak and boring with no seeming light. Music can convey every single emotion and other topics such as ,Sadness, angry, happy, curious, funny. As someone who constantly is plugged in to my ipod, Cd player, or constantly playing music whenever i can it would appear to be a necessity to me. If you do the math, I would say I spend upwards of 18% of my time reading, writing, playing, or listening to music. Thats a huge number considering we spend 30% of our time sleeping. Those numbers, however, are misleading: We often multi-task while listening to music. It makes chores like homework and cleaning almost enjoyable. In fact, music makes my life in general much more tolerable, which in itself is an argument supporting it being a necessity. But do we really need music to survive? Its obvious it doesnt provide food or shelter. There are people out there who never listen to music, either because they dont have the chance or because they get no enjoyment from it. I dont think I could go a day without listening to music. Even as im writing this im listening right now. The key word is think. I get stressed if I havent listened to music in a couple days. It calms and soothes, stirs and inspires. It is intensely personal, yet can unite large groups of diverse people. Music offers an escape from reality, taking me back to precise moments in my life or forward to moments I hope to experience. We will write a custom essay sample on Is Music a Luxury or Necessity? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Is Music a Luxury or Necessity? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Is Music a Luxury or Necessity? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Album The Razors Edge By AC/DC was the first album I ever owned. I still remember buying it and listening to it non-stop I often dream about making music my profession. Whether critiquing or creating, I seem to have a passion for it that most people dont understand. At the same time, however, I want to be a productive member of society. And if music isnt necessary, how can I justify working in the industry? If music would be my profession then it would be a necessity for me to survive. Maybe one justification can be found in people like me. Music has profoundly shaped and altered my life, and for that reason it is valuable. Maybe not necessary, but important nonetheless. its an experience that is different for everyone. I dont believe I could live without music. Certain people say they could drop music all together. But music is part of us. Everything in life has rhythm, from heartbeat to breathing to walking. We all have an innate need for rhythm and music. The part of the brain concerned with music is early to develop and the last to go as we get old. Even elderly people with dementia can appreciate music after they no longer talk. I believe music is a part of all of us, no matter what we do it plays an enormous part in our lives. Music is an expression of our thoughts and emotions. Some people make music, which others can enjoy. Some can only enjoy it. I dont know anyone who doesnt like some kind of music, even if its just tapping a pen on a table. There are so many kinds of music and ways to make music out there to express ourselves; it is almost like a 7th Sense to experience music. We know good music when we hear it. We hear it, and then we feel it. Music connects with our body, our souls, and our lives.

Explain and assess Haidts ‘moral foundations’ theory The WritePass Journal

Explain and assess Haidts ‘moral foundations’ theory Introduction Explain and assess Haidts ‘moral foundations’ theory ) ‘think of this innate organization as being implemented by sets of related modules which work together to guide and constrain responses to each particular problem.’ The final claim is that morality is influenced by cultural learning. This takes places through a set of ‘learning modules’, which are innate and can be used to build on one’s genetic inheritance. For example, the tendency to bow in deference or respect is common to many cultures, but this is adapted to locally-specific cultural contexts and by ‘the time a Hindu girl reaches adulthood, she will have developed culturally-specific knowledge that makes her automatically initiate bowing movements when she encounters, say, a respected politician for the first time.’ In an American household, however, this foundation might be dropped early on. Despite both girls starting off with the ‘same sets of universal learning modules†¦.the universal (and incomplete) first draft of the moral mind gets filled in and revised so that the child can successfully navigate the moral â€Å"matrix† he or she actually experiences.’ Different societies us e different foundations to build their moralities, and some use all of them. MFT, therefore, is an intuitionist theory contending that human moral systems are the combination of innate predispositions and cultural learning. Additionally, judgements are made rapidly on the basis of a plurality of in-built mechanisms, which have been ‘hardwired’ into humans over the course of our species’ evolution. The rest of this essay will present, explain, and assess, in no particular order, the specific foundations postulated by MFT. There are supposedly five or six empirically supported ‘foundations’ for moral judgements, but MFT allows for others being discovered in the future. The first is the care/harm foundation. Human offspring ‘are unusually dependent, and for an unusually long time’ and the intuitive reactions of females have been ‘optimized to detect signs of suffering, distress, or neediness’ for the purpose of raising more offspring. ‘The original triggers of the Care/harm foundation are ‘visual and auditory signs of suffering, distress, or neediness expressed by one’s own child’, but they can be activated by other children, baby animals, stuffed toys with childlike qualities, or descriptions of suffering. This foundation leads to the creation of terms such as ‘kind’ and ‘cruel’, which are valued differently by different cultures (e.g., classical Sparta vs. Buddhist societies). The second is the fairness/cheating foundation. Social animals face non-zero-sum games in which it is advantageous to cooperate. Creatures ‘whose minds are organized in advance of experience to be highly sensitive to evidence of cheating and cooperation, and to react with emotions that compel them to play â€Å"tit for tat†, had an advantage over those who had to figure out their next move using their general intelligence.’ Social partners with reputations for certain types of behaviour are therefore labelled with words such as ‘fair’, ‘just’, and ‘trustworthy’. The third is the loyalty/betrayal foundation. It was advantageous for our ancestors to form cohesive groups when competing for territory and resources. This same behaviour can be seen in troops of chimpanzees. So humans have developed an innate predisposition to form groups. This manifests today in numerous areas, from nationalism to sports and brand loyalty. The fourth is the authority/subversion foundation. Dominance hierarchies are common among many primates, and the ability to recognise and react by forming strategic relationships yielded an evolutionary advantage. Modules of the human mind in this foundation explain why we submit to many useful but constraining societal structures, such as the police force and political leaders. The varied development of this foundation explains why different societies (modern-day China vs. America) or groups (social conservatives vs. liberals) value authority in different ways. The fifth is the sanctity/degradation foundation. Human evolution carried adaptive challenges, such as moving from tree-based to ground-based living, living in larger, denser groups, and eating more meat, some of which was scavenged. This exposed us to a greater number of pathogens and parasites, and we therefore developed a pre-emptory, in-built sensitivity to factors other than the ‘sensory properties of potential foods, friends, and mates.’ ‘Disgust and the behavioral immune system have come to undergird a variety of moral reactions, e.g., to immigrants and sexual deviants’ There are numerous criticisms of MFT, most of which are directed at one of the four main claims undergirding it: nativism, plurality, cultural learning, and intuitionism. One problem with nativism, for example, is that it is difficult to determine the extent to which the mind is ‘hardwired’. As Graham et al., put it: ‘opinions range widely from minimalist positions, which say that there is hardly any writing on the â€Å"first draft† of the mind, to maximalist positions such as massive modularity’ Indeed, the ambiguity here has led some to criticise MFT, and nativism in general, on the grounds that it lacks empirical neuroscientific evidence for the existence of modules. However, this is not reasonable at present. Given that the field is yet to ‘find a set of genes that, collectively, explains 5% of the variance in how tall people are what chance is there that anyone will find a set of genes that code for mental modules (such as loyalty or sanct ity) whose expression is far more subject to cultural influence than is height?’ There is also considerable criticism of the emphasis MFT places on intuitionism. For example, some argue ‘that that intuition and reasoning are best seen as partners in a dance, in which either partner can lead and the other will follow.’ However, whatever the prominent role of reason, this seems misleading at the very least. As has been referenced already in this essay, and as Hume showed in his Treatise, it is not clear how reason can establish the first principles from which logical argument follows. Moral axioms cannot be given a logical foundation, and to the extent that they exist in nature and are ‘hardwired’, they cannot be expressed. Therefore, they are beyond realm of reason by their very nature. To say that reasoning can lead when it is necessarily guided by intuitive first principles is therefore unsupportable. Interesting critiques come from the monists, who disagree with the pluralism hypothesis. Gray et al. believe that the care/harm foundation is the only one that is truly foundational. Graham et al. (2012) call this Procrustean, citing the fact that certain moral judgements, such as disgust, appear not to be accounted for by the care/harm foundation. Their confidence in this matter, however, is arguably misplaced. Disgust over, say, a dirty environment could be seen as a cause of harm. Perhaps those creatures with a predisposition to avoid unclean environments encountered fewer pathogens, for example, or were at less risk of being exposed to small but dangerous creatures such as spiders and snakes. Clearly, emotions, such as disgust, can potentially be explained by the care/harm foundation. The difficulty here arises in attempting to make bold comment about the way our ancestors perceived the links between various phenomena and their effects. While it is possible to argue that matters of disgust have little to do with harm, perhaps there is link that has not yet been discovered. Some critics suggest that there should also be an oppression/liberty foundation. This is the potential sixth foundation being worked on by Haidt. Others point to the fact that MFT might be missing a waste/inefficiency foundation. These critiques focus on the particular pluralisms chosen for MFT. This is really a matter of fine-tuning, rather than any fundamental. This essay has sought to explain and assess Haidt’s MTF. It has emerged that its central claims are extremely well-founded. The SIM has strong roots that date back to the empirical tradition in Britain and which still have not been successfully overturned. With the developments in psychology, neuroscience, and evolutionary biology, both intuitionism and nativism rest on firm foundations. There are philosophical and other objections that can be targeted at the pluralism element of MFT. This is not to say that it is incorrect but rather that the confidence with which the claim is made is not justified. This essay has not sought to address deontological critiques of the MFT. There are those who would argue that MFT is asking the wrong questions, namely what morality is rather than what it should be. However, given that this problem was so adequately dealt with by Hume in his Treatise, it seems appropriate that scholars building on his legacy should develop a descriptive moral the ory instead. Bibliography Berlin, Isaiah, ‘My intellectual path’ in H. Hardy (ed.), The Power of Ideas 1-23, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001 Bruner, Jerome, The process of education, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1960 Davis, Jody L.., Rusbult, Caryl, E. ‘Attitude alignment in close relationships’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81 (2001), pp. 65-84 Edwards, Kari., von Hippel, William, ‘Hearts and minds: The priority of affective versus cognitive factors in person perception’, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21 (1995), pp. 996-1011. Graham, Jesse, Haidt, Jonathan, Koleva, Sena., Motyl, Matt., Iyer, Ravi, Wojcik, Sean P. and Ditto, Peter. H, ‘Moral Foundations Theory: The Pragmatic Validity of Moral Pluralism’, Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (2012) Gray, Kurt, Young, Liana, and Waytz, Adam, ‘Mind perception is the essence of morality’, Psychological Inquiry, 23, (2012), pp. 101-124 Greenwald, Anthony. G., and Banaji, Mahzarin. R, ‘Implicit social cognition’, Psychological Review, 102, (1995), pp. 4-27 Haidt, Jonathan, The righteous mind: Why good people are divided by politics and religion. New York: Pantheon, 2012 Haidt, Jonathan, ‘The Emotional Dog and Its Rational Tail: A Social Intuitionist Approach to Moral Judgment’, Psychological Review, Vol. 108. No. 4 (2001), pp. 814-834 Joyce, Richard, The Evolution of Morality, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 2005 Mineka, Susan, Cook, M., ‘Social learning and the acquisition of snake fear in monkeys’, in Thomas. R. Zentall John. B. G. Galef (Eds.), Social learning: Psychological and biological perspectives (pp. 51-74). Hillsdale, N. J.: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1988 Narvaez, Darcia, ‘Moral complexity: The fatal attraction of truthiness and the importance of mature moral functioning’, Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5 (2010), pp. 163-181 Perkins, David. N., Farady, Mike., Bushey, B., ‘Everyday reasoning and the roots of intelligence’ in Voss, James F., Perkins, David N., and J. W. Segal (Eds.), Informal reasoning and education (pp. 83-105). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1991 Skitka, Linda J. ‘The psychological foundations of moral conviction, in Wright, Jennifer and Sarkissian Ryan H (eds) Advances in Moral Psychology (pp.267-281), Bloomsbury Academic Press, 2010 [Accessed 09/03/2014] http://tigger.uic.edu/~lskitka/Foundations.pdf Suhler, Christopher. L., Churchland, Patricia, ‘Can innate, modular â€Å"foundations† explain morality? Challenges for Haidts moral foundations theory’, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 23(9) (2011), pp. 2103-2116 Williams, Bernard, ‘Rationalism’ in P. Edwards (Ed.) The encyclopedia of philosophy (Vols. 7-8, pp. 69-75) New York: Macmillan, 1967

Life on Other Worlds Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Life on Other Worlds - Annotated Bibliography Example What implications would it have on the search for extra-terrestrial life if many of these planets were found to exist? What kind of Life? – Although people often talk about â€Å"life† on other worlds, in most cases they are not specific about the kind of life they mean. Usually, however, scholars mean microbial life and the regular public means intelligent life. Conflicting theories: Universe Size – If the universe is infinite, then life must exist elsewhere because an infinite space holds all possibilities. Conflicting theories: Religious perspective – The religious perspective in Western cultures is that the Universe was created for Man alone. Obviously, this has impacted some thinkers and scientists in their belief on intelligent extra-terrestrial life. Conflicting theories: Rare Earth Hypothesis – The Rare Earth hypothesis looks at the conditions not for microbial life, but for a race of intelligent beings with similar technology and cultural levels of achievement to our own. Conflicting theories: Drake Equation – The Drake equation is a mathematical formula used to calculate both the likelihood of extraterrestrials' existence and the likelihood of our being able to contact them. Conclusion – The concluding paragraph will summarize the points raised in previous paragraphs in a way that uses the information presented to support an argument about the search for extra-terrestrial life and the probability that it exists.

Problems with Android phones Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Problems with Android phones - Essay Example Various problems come with Android phones. One problem that needs immediate solution is forceclose, which is when an application running on Android phones stops abruptly. This is the root concept of this problem. It has problems with data storage and transmission. When the forceclose error is experienced, in most cases, data is lost. Therefore, it needs to be solved immediately. Various issues are being discussed in various forums. One of the forums that are commonly used and popular with many programmers is xda-developers.com. The stakeholders in this forum are the programmers of Android phones. The vision of the forum is to ensure that Android phones are popular and meet the client’s requirements. This forum is common with programming issues that are experienced with Android phones. Most problems that are raised in this forum need programming solutions. One common issue here is forceclose, and from the discussions, it seems to be a common problem that needs immediate solution. It is something that can affect the marketing of the product, and there is a need to work on it immediately. Another forum is that of Adnroidcentral.com. This forum deals with issues that can be solved. The common errors that are raised in this forum are those that can be solved without necessarily engaging programming procedures (Martin and Hoover). The xa-developers.com deals with programming issues. Most stakeholders are those that make use of Android phones in data collection. The data collection brings with it these problems. Android forums are mostly programmers who work on a freelance basis. They give solutions to the problems that are posted in the forum. The artifact analysis of the stakeholders is that the users of the forums give step-by-step solutions to the problems that are sent.  Most contributors also have programming skills that help them to solve the issues  (DoCoMo).  

Misunderstanding Within The Group Social Work Essay

Misunderstanding Within The Group Social Work Essay Abstract: Free riders are those who take the same credit of you without exerting efforts. They are present in many groups, but it depends whether they are known early or not. Also many guys tolerate with free riders if they were their friends, but work and friendship are separated things. Every group should have a communication way, where all the group members agree on. And no one says that I did not know or I did not get the message. And this is something we suffered from. And because there are many members in the group and everyone has his own business, everyone should be on time for the meeting. When any group want to choose their topic, they should choose it wisely because wrong choosing will cost them time and effort. Working like a team is better than working like a group, but team work requires discipline, which we lacked. The abilities within the group differ, but you should try to get the maximum from everyone. Interpersonal relationship is the social connection between the group memb ers which grow with time. Positive interpersonal relationship between group members leads the organization forward and to employees satisfaction. Organizations know interpersonal relationship effects, so they try to provide the appropriate working climate for it. The managers have influence on employees interpersonal relationship and he tries to make it positive of the benefits he can get from it. Group members working together at all times and seeking a common goal is working like a team. To have an effective team you need to work hard and combine the right people together. Team effectiveness is measured by the final outcome and employees satisfaction. Introduction: Group assignments provide postgraduate students with opportunities to improve their capabilities and demonstrate a professional behaviour. Personally, the group assignment is considered to be a valuable experiment that led me to write this reflective essay. The group assignment had a great impact on my skills as it had lot of benefits. I learned lot required behaviours from working with a diverse group. Group work differs from working individually as it involves an interaction with others that might result in conflict occurrence, misunderstanding and so on. There may be difficult times during group work, but a group member should be wise and help the group to pass those difficult times. I have relied on my diary notes captured after group meetings to write this essay to reflect reality. Although there is a distinction between friendship and work, I prefer to work with friends rather than people that I do not know. Effective cooperation among group members would be required at all tim es, so they can complete assigned work and deliver it in the best way with highest level of satisfaction. Free Riding: Free Riding is the absence of contribution and getting the benefit of that good. This view has been supported in the work of Marwell, Ames (1981). Before the module starts we knew that we had a group assignment and it must contain 4-6 individuals, so we were four friends knowing that we can make a group of friends only, but we have been thinking that if we entered two more participants it will be easier for us as everyone will write less and concentrate more on his points, and that will help us to concentrate on our other assignments also, but what we have been afraid of is that we may have two free riders who will make the work harder. From the first day that we have decided to meet at, we found that 3 of the group members were not there, so we were thinking about free riders and will we accept those free riders in our group because of the friendship we have. I and the present group members decided that this is work and we do not like to work hard and the free riders get the same cr edit. A personal experiment of being in a group with free riders made us insist of our situation that we do not want free riders in our group, as before the submission date they came with no work in their hand saying that we did not know what to do, so we have decided to work together all the time and to divide the work and everyone do his part, but we have a weekly meeting to ensure that there will be no one free riders. Discovering free riding before the grading is important, but detecting the free riding early is much better for the group to take the corrective action and to work all together and get those free riders involve in the work again (Free riding in group work Mechanisms and countermeasures, n.d.). Therefore, we decided to meet often so we can ensure that we are all walking on the right side. And we have asked the professor about the grading system and she said if you were the manager and you have free riders in your group, what you would do? And I was thinking of leav ing them behind as they will delay our work and make it harder, but if I must have them in my group I will give them specified tasks and ask them often about their progress with an evidence to ensure that they are really working and contributing with the group. Misunderstanding within the group: There was a misunderstanding regarding the time at the first meeting, as we have decided to meet at 11 am and then some of the group members changed the meeting time till 3 pm and they have said that we have sent a message on Facebook, but not all of the group members actually got the message, so we ended up blaming each other. I think that happened because we did not have that person who could take the responsibility to tell everyone about the exact time and if the time changed or there was any kind of change in plan, he would tell all the group members. Also, I think the existence of that kind of person in every group is important and will lead to a better performance and satisfaction from all the group members. Because of the misunderstanding, we have delayed our work for one more day as the members who came early had other plans to do at the time of the new group meeting appointment. Consequently, we have decided to have one communication channel for the group and it is doing a g roup chat on Facebook and everyone contributing in deciding the meeting time, so no one can have any kind of excuse of not attending the meeting. Meeting time: When we wanted to choose our meetings time, we were asking all the group members if that time was appropriate for them, because we wanted our meetings to be on time. The thing that happened was that I am there on time, but I had to wait at least an hour and half for the group meeting to start, because the members were always late. I waited and we did our meeting, but I was frustrated because of the late start. I have told them many times to choose the right time that they will be there and they have apologized for their lateness and promised to be on time for the next time. The same lateness behaviour had reoccurred as usual in which late members were acting normal, but the other group members were frustrated and complaining. The other group members had cool nerves and sometimes they have just waited others for an hour and a half to let us complete the work. I think this has affected our group performance, as if we were committed to the meeting time we would have done better in the g roup assignment. Improper Subject Selection: At the first we have choose Bloomberg as our subject because there was a Bloomberg guy who came and talked well about Bloomberg and we all found that the subject is very interesting, so we have decided to write about it. Therefore, we have decided on the points that we are going to talk about and that everyone would come back after 3 days with the information about Bloomberg. Apparently, no one has written a thing when the meeting day came and we were all complaining that there was not much available information. Therefore, our improper selection of the subject has led us to a waste some time. Team or Group?: I knew the difference between the team and the group from prof. Sally Sambrook, as she told us that working as group is discussing the points together, distributing the tasks and then everyone do the work individually. In the other hand, working as a team is doing everything together from discussing the points till the end of work. We tried to work as a team because it is more effective and creative than working individually, but the continuous absenteeism and lack of commitment of members in the meetings made it difficult, so we decided to work as a group. In addition, we decided to distribute the tasks in a way that please and satisfy everyone, so we wrote down the tasks and every one chose his favourite task that he would be interested to write about. Individual differences: There were individual differences in the abilities of the group members, as when we met to see and assess everyoneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s work we found that some members of the group have covered their tasks perfectly while other group members made it difficult because we had to modify their work. My point of view is that I do not consider them free riders because they have tried and I could feel that they made an effort on their tasks, but the abilities within the group are different. Moreover, I suppose that their aim is just to pass while other group members who wanted to have a good grade in the assignment. We found the module is interesting and easy, so there is nothing to prevent us from having A* while others saw it impossible, so there were different aims within the group. Members with high ambitions did not get disappointed from others and have worked very hard. These members with all honesty have gained my respect and gave me a lesson for life that I can do everything even if t he group members are reflecting discouragement and laziness. If you want anything and you work for it very hard, you will achieve it. Interpersonal relationship and team effectiveness: What is an interpersonal relationship? Interpersonal relationship is a strong social connection between two or more people. There are many types of interpersonal relationships, but what we care about is the organizational interpersonal relationship which is the relationship between individuals working together in the work place. They spend a lot of time in the work and for sure they want to talk and discuss their issues with others rather than working alone all the time and that is a natural part of the working environment. Also, there may be a previous relationship between the individuals before working together and this helps the relationship to expand. We as students knew each other before the group assignment, but within the group work we came closer and worked together for longer hours. I think that I have a stronger relationship with them now, after the group work. I would prefer working with them again rather than working with a new group members that I do not have any kind of relationship with them (Management stu dy guide, [online], n.d.). Do interpersonal relationships affect the performance of the individuals? There are many beneficial outcomes for individuals and organizations because of the positive interpersonal relationship at work. Employees can feel job satisfaction and commit to their work because of their positive interpersonal relationship within their workplace. In the other hand, a negative interpersonal relationship could affect the employees and make them upset, and that will lead to lack of commitment towards their work. Obviously, it depends on the individual himself whether he was a social person and like to communicate and interact with the others or he likes to work individually and isolated from the others. A positive interpersonal relationship within the organization will build a supportive and innovative working climate for the employees, which will lead to an increase in the organizational productivity and institutional participation, and that will lead to employees satisfaction (Dachner, 2011, Abstract). In our group work there was a positive interpersonal relationsh ip which have made the work easier and more interesting. Furthermore, we were friends and knew each other before the group work, so it helped us a lot. It is interesting to have friends working together and it would form a comfortable working climate which can help to improve the performance and encourage the members to work hard. In the other hand, friendship in the group can make the members lazy; as they know that if they do not do their work; their friends will not leave them behind and will do their work. Our group had agreed from the beginning to isolate friendship from group work because we did not want the group members to keep depending on the others to do their own work. In my opinion, working with group members that I have a positive interpersonal relationship with them is much easier than working with new groups. Also, from my previous experiment of working with members that I do not know, I can say that there is a risk of being in a group with members who do not care ab out the grades they get, so you find yourself obligated to do their work. How could the organization build a positive interpersonal relationship? The variety of the advantages of the positive interpersonal relationship within the organization has encouraged organizations to build, support, and try to form a strong positive interpersonal relationship. The organization attempts to make the coworkers to become friends, because coworkers with friendship help each other more than normal coworkers. Besides, the organization helps the workers to communicate and work together in groups or teams to build a positive interpersonal relationship in order to provide the appropriate working climate for the workers to communicate and interact with each other. Moreover, the theories propose that demographic characteristics affect social relationship between individuals (Dachner, 2011, Antecedents of Interpersonal Relationships at Work). Consequently, organization could form group works with individuals who share the same demographic characteristics. Our assignment group consists of people from India, China, and I am from Kuwait, but it was eas y to work with them because we all shared the same goal and were working for the same purpose. I think that it depends on the person himself if he wants to make friends with his group and try to help them with their work or he just want to do his part and leave. How the management could affect the interpersonal relationship? Managers want the employees to be friends, help each other, and work together so they can get the most of their performance. Managers could give them the opportunity to socialize and encourage them to be friendly with each other and become friends. There are two influences that managers could have on employees interpersonal relationship. The first is direct and it is forming groups and giving them the chance to work together and compete with other groups which can provide a healthy competition for the organization. The second is indirect and it is giving them appropriate working condition, and not to give them a lot of work that they do not have the time to interact with others (Department of Public Health Sciences, 2010) 2.1 interpersonal relationship at work. A Team in an organizational point of view: A team in an organizational setting is a group of individuals whose tasks are done by working together, who share outcomes responsibility, who consider themselves and are considered by others as a unit inside the organization, who work together at all the times, help each other, and correct each others mistakes to increase the efficiency and improve the quality of the teams outcome, because they are all sharing the responsibility of the final outcome (Cohen, Bailey, 1997). As individuals who worked together for the assignment, although we shared the responsibility for the final outcome, we were not working together at all the time. If we worked as a team, it would have been better than working as a group but the conditions hindered us from working together as a team. Team effectiveness: Teams with high performance need to be developed and nurtured, as they do not just appear without working hard on them. The development of these teams cannot be guaranteed even with visionary leaders. Because if you want to have a high performance team, you should combine visionary leaders and motivated team members. There are many characteristics that help to build a high performance team such as, having a clear plan and a common goal, utilizing teams resources, valuing the differences in the team and trying to get the best from each member, the willingness of the members to give their best for their teams, managing the meetings in the perfect way, and exerting the efforts to achieve the goals. Also there are other things that affect the high performance teams and it is the teams size, the abilities and the skills within the team, the way of communication, and the conflict resolution (Cliffs Notes, n.d.). I agree that high performance teams needs co-operative and hardworking members . Also it requires the commitment from the team members, especially in the meetings time, because we suffered a lot from the members who were always late on our meetings. Measuring the teams effectiveness: As the team members work together all the time with shared responsibility of the final outcome, it is hard to evaluate each members contribution to the work. The manager wants and sees the final outcome only regardless whoever contributed more to the work. The effectiveness of the team is measured by performance and personal outcomes. Measuring the final product, customer satisfaction, items sold, etc. are all kind of performance outcome measurement. While measuring team members commitment and satisfaction and their desire to work with the same team members again is kind of personal outcome measurement. Hence, the grade that we will get in the group essay is the performance outcome, while if I wish to work with the guys that I have worked with again is the personal outcome. In my opinion, our group works both the performance outcome and the personal outcome was excellent. Conclusion: In conclusion working in a group assignment has many advantages and make you learn a lot of things, but everyone should try to get the maximum benefits that he could get. I can say that the group work made me better prepared for the real practical world. Although I had many hard times during the group work, it was interesting and earned me some good friends for lifetime. It was exciting to work with my friends in a group assignment and to help each other trying to get the maximum grade. After reading a lot about the interpersonal relationship and team effectiveness, I realized its importance in the work place and it really affects any organisation, and that is why every organisation is keen on it. Working in a group is totally different from working individually, as working in a group imposes you to respect the group members and their opinions even if these opinions conflict your own opinions, but if you are working alone you are the decision maker. That is the difference that I knew from working in the group assignment and the individual assignment. Finally, working in a group has many benefits that contribute in refining the personality of the participants and often better than the individual work and this is what I had concluded from my personal experiment in the group work.

The Use of Imagery in Refugee Mother and Child by Chinua Achebe :: Refugee Mother and Child Chinua Achebe Essays

Refugee Mother and Child is a poem that seems to be written to arouse response from the reader. The pitiful image of a mother holding the corpse of her son is not only sourcing empathy from the reader but also helps the reader reflect on their own fortunate lives. In fact, Chinua Achebe is a leading writer for African causes, especially for the injustices in the world. The first stanza seems to be written as an introduction to the following stanza. The poet begins by allowing the reader to visualize the – â€Å"Picture of a mother’s tenderness for a son she soon would have to forget.† This immediately conveys the theme of ‘death of a child’ and also helps set the ‘sorrowful’ mood of the poem. The short introduction allows the reader to settle them down and focus more on the tragic scene, thus maximizing the response from the reader. Following the ‘theme’ and ‘mood’ set by the first stanza, the second stanza described the living environment of the â€Å"Refugee Mother and Child† as – â€Å"The air was heavy with odours of diarrhoea of unwashed children with washed-out ribs and dried-up bottoms struggling in laboured steps behind blown empty bellies† The filthy image of the environment that the mother and child lived in is projected through negative connotation. For example, the words ‘odours’ and ‘diarrhoea’ suggests the presence of diseases and sicknesses. This allows the reader to imagine a smelly and filthy place crammed with ill people. The reference to illness, which seems to be a link with the theme of ‘death’, foreshadows the tragic story of the mother and her dead son although it has not been clearly stated that her son is dead. Furthermore, the grotesque image of the setting is strongly reinforced by the mentioning of â€Å"unwashed children with washed out ribs†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Chinua uses the children as a clear symbol of innocence and the unfortunate, as the children has been given birth in places where vital resources such as water and food are lacking. This will naturally allow the reader to reflect on their own fortunate lives and raise awareness of these unfortunate children living in famines. The words ‘laboured steps’ also suggests child labour, linking to real cases in lesser economically countries such as Africa, China and Algeria. As the second stanza continues, the constant reference to death is evident when the poet describes the – â€Å"ghost smile between† the mother’s â€Å"teeth and in her eyes the ghost of a mother’s pride.† The careful choice of the technique, personification, enables the reader to visualize the emptiness of the mother’s smile and spirit, by comparing the nouns ‘smile’ and ‘eyes’ with ‘ghost’, which communicates the idea of death.

Substrate

A1. Role of Enzymes in Processes Enzymes are organic catalysts that help to speed up the breakdown of a molecule, such as fructose. The enzyme helps a chemical reaction take place quickly so that the reaction happens properly. In order for that to happen the enzymes process by the lock and key model, the lock is the substrate and the enzyme is the key. The active sites are specific to a certain substrate of a molecule, so the enzymes only have one job to do. The shape of an enzyme is not changed or consumed during these reactions.However, without enzymes the reactions would take too long and would not breakdown properly. A2. Deficiency in Aldolase B In hereditary fructose intolerance there is a protein lacking that is needed to breakdown fructose. Aldolase B is the substance needed to breakdown fructose. Without the Aldolase B the body is not able to change glycogen into glucose that the body needs. When this happens an individual’s blood sugar can fall and substances will bui ld up in the liver causing more health issues.With an absence of the enzyme Aldolase B, fructose cannot be broken down causing hereditary fructose intolerance. Symptoms can be severe, â€Å"these include severe abdominal pain, vomiting, and hypoglycemia following ingestion of fructose or other sugars metabolized through fructose-1-phosphate. Prolonged fructose ingestion in infants leads ultimately to hepatic and/or renal failure and death. † (Haldeman-Englert, 2011) A4. Substrate The specific substrate acted on by Aldolase B is fructose-1-phosphate (F1P).This then is converted into DHAP and glyceraldehyde. Once the conversion is finished the product can enter the glycolysis cycle to from ATP or energy used for the body. â€Å"In normal cellular conditions, the primary enzymatic activity of aldolase B is to cleave fructose diphosphate (FDP). † (Roth, 2012) A5. Role of Aldolase B Aldolase B is the substance needed to breakdown fructose. Its specific role is to speed up t he breakdown process of fructose to a more usable from in the body.Aldolase B is primary found in the liver, but can also be found in the small intestines and kidneys. B1. Interconversions of Cori Cycle If the Cori Cycle occurred and then remained in a single cell, no useful metabolic work would be complete. The reason for this is that â€Å"if the Interconversions of the Cori Cycle were to take a place within a single cell it would constitute a â€Å"futile cycle† with glucose being consumed and resynthesized at the expense of the ATP and GTP hydrolysis. (Campbell & Farrell, 2008) If this were to happen the cycle would essentially be running in opposite directions, having no affect and wasting energy. Having both the glycolysis portion and the gluconeogenesis portion going at the same time, will result in glucose being converted in to pyruvate by glycolysis and then converted back to glucose by gluconeogenesis, all this will cause a use of ATP, not making. The cycle needs t o take place in order to produce ATP, an energy source for the body especially during muscle activity. B3.Defect Preventing Conversion of ADP to ATP Having a deficiency in the Citric Acid cycle can create the entire cycle to halt essentially. Having the citric acid cycle halt can create a build-up of lactic acid, decreasing the amount of oxygen getting to the tissues. Hypothetically the Citric Acid cycle is missing the enzyme malate; â€Å"Malic acid acts as a catalyst in the Kreb’s cycle to increase energy production from the burning of pyruvic acid. Malic acid also aids in exercise recovery by counteracting the build-up of lactic acid. (Ward, 2011) Missing the malic acid can create chronic fatigue, muscular myalgia, and arthritic-like pains. Any disturbances to the cycle can produce and contribute to neurological and physical problems. B4. Role of Coenzyme Q10 The role of Coenzyme Q10 in ATP synthesis is unique. It can function in every cell of the body to make energy; no other molecule can perform this function. The enzyme is very hydrophobic, so it can move freely within the cell membrane.Its special function is that is can accept and donate electrons, which plays a big role in the electron transport chain. â€Å"It accepts electrons generated during fatty acid and glucose metabolism and then transfers them to electron acceptors. At the same time, Coenzyme Q transfers protons outside the inner mitochondrial membrane, creating a proton gradient across that membrane. The energy released when the protons flow back into the mitochondrial interior is used to from ATP. † (Higdon, 2003)

Essay about Social Cognition - Psychology - 1410 Words

Term Paper: Social Cognition Table of Contents: Social Cognition: A science The psychological definitions Breakdown of social psychology Relations to other corresponding theories The theory of social cognition Incorporating stereotypes Schemata Cultural social cognition Holistic thinking Social cognitive neuroscience A personality in jeopardy Social Cognition Social cognition is the encoding, storage, retrieval, and processing, of information in the brain. It is a process that is generalized within a species, and relates to members of the same species. At one time social cognition referred specifically to an approach to social psychology in which these processes were studied according to the methods of cognitive†¦show more content†¦An example would be a student who believes all teachers are intimidating and bossy from past experiences, but after having a shy and timid teacher, their view may change their internal schema and stereotype of all teachers being individual. Scientists may want to study the reactions of the student and how he or she will integrate the new schema. Social cognition researchers are also interested to study the regulation of activated schemas. It is widely perceived that the situational activation of schemata is automatic, outside of conscious control. However, the regulation and activation of social sche mas is self-regulatory and independently motivated. To understand social cognition, a reaction based on internal and automatic thought processes, you must first understand the deeper function behind the reaction. This practice is called social psychology. In this field, psychologists typically explain human behavior as being a result of mental interferences, mental states, and immediate social situations. Human behavior is certainly less complex than the general population may believe. There are only so many reactions that a human will typically choose in response to activities and situations, and almost all do. 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